To end this special week launching our new series Evidence for Everyday Health Choices, which has also seen Eddie Izzard start his attempt to run 27 marathons on consecutive days for Sport Relief, we’ve looked at some Cochrane evidenceCochrane Reviews are systematic reviews. In systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. that can help runners make choices about preventing and treating injuries.

Ok, I admit it. There’s nothing everyday about Eddie Izzard. Wikipedia’s description of Izzard as ‘an English stand-up comedian, actor, and writer’ doesn’t begin to cover it and I think he might have a thing or two to say (in several languages) about that ‘English’, when he describes himself on Twitter as a British European who thinks like an American and was born in an Arabic country!

Eddie Izzard, at 54, is three years my senior and attempting to run a marathon a day for 27 days, while I can’t imagine running much further than the bus stop. He’s doing this astonishing thing, in South Africa, right now, to raise money for Sport Relief.

This is extraordinary, but lots of you run, and even run marathons, though I’m guessing not on consecutive days! From the comfort of my desk, this is where I can help, with the latest Cochrane evidenceCochrane Reviews are systematic reviews. In systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. on ways to tackle muscle soreness and soft tissue injuries related to running.

Should you chill?

In his previous multi-marathon adventure back in 2011, Eddie Izzard apparently took daily ice baths, which he regarded as a ‘necessary evil’ to keep his legs from swelling. So what can Cochrane evidenceCochrane Reviews are systematic reviews. In systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. tell us about ‘cryotherapy’?

There is some evidence in this Cochrane review that cold water immersion (at temperatures of less than 15°C) may reduce muscle soreness after exercise, but we can’t be confident about this, due to weaknesses in the studies. Also, we are left guessing about the best method of cold water immersion, its safetyRefers to serious adverse effects, such as those that threaten life, require or prolong hospitalization, result in permanent disability, or cause birth defects., and how it compares to alternative approaches.

Whole-body cryotherapy (exposure to liquid nitrogen or refrigerated cold air) is increasingly popular, not least amongst celebrities, professional sports people and (bafflingly) the populationThe group of people being studied. Populations may be defined by any characteristics e.g. where they live, age group, certain diseases. of Thames Ditton, but does it work?

A recent Cochrane review found that there is no reliable evidence that whole body cryotherapy for muscle soreness after exercise is either effective or safe. You can read more about that in this blog.

Stretching

Stretching before and/or after exercise is an everyday thing to do, but is this supported by evidence?

I’m afraid the best available evidence, from a Cochrane review of randomizedRandomization is the process of randomly dividing into groups the people taking part in a trial. One group (the intervention group) will be given the intervention being tested (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise) and compared with a group which does not receive the intervention (the control group).   studies, suggests that muscle stretching (before, after, or before and after exercise) does not prevent or reduce muscle soreness in healthy adults.

Another Cochrane review found that there is no evidence that stretching or conditioning exercises reduce lower limb soft-tissue running injuries.

Running shoes

The same review includes two randomizedRandomization is the process of randomly dividing into groups the people taking part in a trial. One group (the intervention group) will be given the intervention being tested (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise) and compared with a group which does not receive the intervention (the control group).   studies with almost 5,800 military recruits comparing standard running shoes with running shoes based on individuals’ foot shape. The type of shoe made no difference to the rateThe speed or frequency of occurrence of an event, usually expressed with respect to time. For instance, a mortality rate might be the number of deaths per year, per 100,000 people. of running injuries.

Insoles

It’s plausible that shock-absorbing insoles could help reduce running-related soft-tissue injury but there’s no reliable evidence that they do. Nor is there evidence that individually prescribed insoles are better than off-the-shelf ones, or that shock-absorbing insoles are better than non shock-absorbing ones.

There’s limited evidence that shock-absorbing heel inserts can reduce the incidenceThe number of new occurrences of something in a population over a particular period of time, e.g. the number of cases of a disease in a country over one year. of lower extremity soreness during periods of high intensity running.

Training programmes

There is limited evidence that reducing duration and frequency of running may be effective. This comes from research done with prisoners and may not be generalizable to others.

There is no evidence that a graded (longer) training programme is more effective than a regular training programme for preventing injuries in new runners, and may even result in an increase in shin splints (again, this is from research with a particular group – military recruits – and other groups may be different).

Relief for acute musculoskeletal pain

There’s reliable evidence, from a Cochrane review, that topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are an effective and safe way of relieving acuteA health condition (or episodes of a health condition) that comes on quickly and is short-lived. musculoskeletal pain.

Gel formulations of diclofenac, ibuprofen and ketoprofen, and some diclofenac patches, were found to be the most effective. They won’t work for everyone, but in the research studies seven or eight people out of ten using diclofenac or ketoprofen gels for a painful strain, sprain, or muscle pull had much reduced pain after seven days, compared with only two or three out of ten with placeboAn intervention that appears to be the same as that which is being assessed but does not have the active component. For example, a placebo could be a tablet made of sugar, compared with a tablet containing a medicine..

You can read more in this blog.

 Evidence, like comedy, should be accessible to all

Eddie Izzard is a great champion of accessibility. Speaking of his recent stage show, Force Majeure, he said anyone would get the references, ‘no matter what the country’. It’s a show he performed in three languages and there are subtitles in 17 languages on the DVDs.

Making evidence widely available (including in numerous languages) is a really important part of what we, and our worldwide Cochrane colleagues, do.

This is the last of the blogs in our special week to launch Evidence for Everyday Health Choices, a series we will continue, with the aim of making it easier for you to get trustworthy information from the best available research to help you make choices about your health. This blog was subsequently published, with changes, in the Mail Online here.

Join in the conversation on Twitter @ukcochranecentr @SarahChapman30 #EEHealthChoices, and look out for our blogshots as well as our blogs. You can read about this series here, watch our new slide cast explaining what evidence-based medicine is and how it can help us make health choices, and catch up with this week’s blogs on retainers for keeping teeth straight after orthodontic treatmentSomething done with the aim of improving health or relieving suffering. For example, medicines, surgery, psychological and physical therapies, diet and exercise changes.; grommets and whether water precautions are necessary; and constipation – how to avoid it and what can help.

Eddie Izzard photo credit:http://www.comicrelief.com/

The other images have been purchased for Evidently Cochrane from istock.com and are not available for reproduction.

Running marathons Izzard enough: what can help? by Sarah Chapman is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.cochranelibrary.com.

Links:

Davies M, Chapman S. “Why do some people NEVER get running injuries? And is it worth shelling out on expensive trainers and insoles? Here, experts reveal all”. Mail Online, Health, 26 February 2016. Web. 26 February 2016.http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3465992/Why-people-never-running-injuries-worth-shelling-expensive-trainers-insoles-experts-reveal-all.html

Spencer R. “How will 27 marathons affect Eddie Izzard?”. BBC News, Magazine, 23 February 2016. Web. 24 February 2016. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35599544

Roberts M. “Cold baths ‘ease aching muscles, but may be risky’”. BBC News, Health, 15 February 2012. Web. 24 February 2016. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-17015767

Bleakley C, McDonough S, Gardner E, Baxter GD, Hopkins JT, Davison GW. Cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsIn systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. 2012, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD008262. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008262.pub2.

Plain language summary: http://www.cochrane.org/CD008262/MUSKINJ_cold-water-immersion-for-preventing-and-treating-muscle-soreness-after-exercise

Costello JT, Baker PRA, Minett GM, Bieuzen F, Stewart IB, Bleakley C. Whole-body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsIn systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. 2015, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD010789. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010789.pub2.

Plain language summary and podcast: http://www.cochrane.org/CD010789/MUSKINJ_whole-body-cryotherapy-preventing-and-treating-muscle-soreness-after-exercise

Chapman S. “Cryotherapy: it’s cool, but is it evidence-based?”. Evidently Cochrane [blog]. 30 September 2015. Web. 24 November 2015. https://www.evidentlycochrane.net/cryotherapy-its-cool-but-is-it-evidence-based/

Herbert RD, de Noronha M, Kamper SJ. Stretching to prevent or reduce muscle soreness after exercise. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsIn systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. 2011, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD004577. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004577.pub3.

Plain language summary: http://www.cochrane.org/CD004577/MUSKINJ_stretching-to-prevent-or-reduce-muscle-soreness-after-exercise

Yeung SS, Yeung EW, Gillespie LD. Interventions for preventing lower limb soft-tissue running injuries. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsIn systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. 2011, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD001256. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001256.pub2.

Plain language summary: http://www.cochrane.org/CD001256/MUSKINJ_interventions-for-preventing-lower-limb-soft-tissue-injuries-in-runners

Derry S, Moore RA, Gaskell H, McIntyre M, Wiffen PJ. Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsIn systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. 2015, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD007402. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007402.pub3.

Chapman S. “Topical NSAIDs: good relief for acuteA health condition (or episodes of a health condition) that comes on quickly and is short-lived. musculoskeletal pain.” Evidently Cochrane [blog]. 25 June 2015. Web. 24 November 2015.  https://www.evidentlycochrane.net/topical-nsaids-good-relief-for-acute-musculoskeletal-pain/

The Cochrane Library. “Featured Review: Topical NSAIDs for acuteA health condition (or episodes of a health condition) that comes on quickly and is short-lived. musculoskeletal pain in adults”. Cochrane Library, News, 15 June 2015. Web. 26 February 2016. http://www.cochrane.org/news/featured-review-topical-nsaids-acute-musculoskeletal-pain-adults