Key message: There is a lack of evidence on interventions which aim to prevent falls in people after they have had a stroke. This is in contrast to good evidence on some effective preventive measures for older people living in the community.
It’s Age UK’s annual Falls Awareness Week this week, with an emphasis this year on healthy feet. The excellent review from the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group on preventing falls in older people living in the community, which we blogged about when it was updated last autumn, has useful evidence on a range of strategies to prevent falls, including some relating to feet! Using an anti-slip shoe device reduced falls in icy conditions, while adding foot and ankle exercises to regular podiatry for people with disabling foot pain also reduced falls. Another review, also updated last autumn, found less clear evidence on how to prevent falls in older people in care homes and hospitals but did find that vitamin D supplements reduced falls in care homes, probably because the residents had low levels of vitamin D to start with. You can read the story of these reviews, which started as one, in an editorial by author Lesley Gillespie.
This month saw the publication of a new review from the Cochrane Stroke Group on strategies which aim to prevent falls in people who have had a stroke. Falls are a common problem in this populationThe group of people being studied. Populations may be defined by any characteristics e.g. where they live, age group, certain diseases. but it is unclear how much research has been done on the effects of interventions to prevent them falling. The reviewers searched for randomizedRandomization is the process of randomly dividing into groups the people taking part in a trial. One group (the intervention group) will be given the intervention being tested (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise) and compared with a group which does not receive the intervention (the control group). controlled trialsA trial in which a group (the ‘intervention group’) is given a intervention being tested (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise) is compared with a group which does not receive the intervention (the ‘control group’). (RCTs) of any interventionA treatment, procedure or programme of health care that has the potential to change the course of events of a healthcare condition. Examples include a drug, surgery, exercise or counselling. which aimed to prevent falls in people at any of three stages after having a stroke: the acute stage (in a stroke unit or hospital ward), subacute stage (in a rehabilitation ward or clinic after discharge from an acute ward, or receiving intensive support at home) or chronic stage (after discharge from rehabilitation). Like the reviews looking at falls prevention in a more general populationThe group of people being studied. Populations may be defined by any characteristics e.g. where they live, age group, certain diseases., this review looked at the effect of interventions on the rateThe speed or frequency of occurrence of an event, usually expressed with respect to time. For instance, a mortality rate might be the number of deaths per year, per 100,000 people. of falls (number of falls divided by length of follow-up) and the number of fallers. Ten RCTs with 1004 people were included. One involved people in the acute and subacute stages while the rest involved those in the chronic stage. The interventions looked at were:
- exercise (7 studies involving different types of exercise including walking, balance and strengthening exercises, stair climbing, upper limb exercises and whole-body vibration)
- medicine (2 studies, vitamin D compared with placeboAn intervention that appears to be the same as that which is being assessed but does not have the active component. For example, a placebo could be a tablet made of sugar, compared with a tablet containing a medicine. and alendronate compared with alphacalcidol)
- single lens distance vision glasses compared with multifocal glasses (1 studyAn investigation of a healthcare problem. There are different types of studies used to answer research questions, for example randomised controlled trials or observational studies.)
What did they find?
- Exercise did not reduce the rateThe speed or frequency of occurrence of an event, usually expressed with respect to time. For instance, a mortality rate might be the number of deaths per year, per 100,000 people. of falls or the number of fallers either in the chronic stage (combined results of 4 studies with 412 people and 6 studies with 616 people respectively) or the acute/subacute stage
- Quality of life was measured in different ways in all of the exercise trialsClinical trials are research studies involving people who use healthcare services. They often compare a new or different treatment with the best treatment currently available. This is to test whether the new or different treatment is safe, effective and any better than what is currently used. No matter how promising a new treatment may appear during tests in a laboratory, it must go through clinical trials before its benefits and risks can really be known. and three reported a significant improvement in favour of the intervention groupA group of people in a study receiving a particular health care intervention (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise).
- Vitamin D was associated with significantly reduced rateThe speed or frequency of occurrence of an event, usually expressed with respect to time. For instance, a mortality rate might be the number of deaths per year, per 100,000 people. of falls and number of fallers in hospitalised women as was alendronate when compared to alphacalcidol in hospitalised people after stroke
- No differences were seen between people wearing single lens or multifocal lens glasses after discharge from rehabilitation
How good was the evidence?
Most studies were judged to be at low riskA way of expressing the chance of an event taking place, expressed as the number of events divided by the total number of observations or people. It can be stated as ‘the chance of falling were one in four’ (1/4 = 25%). This measure is good no matter the incidence of events i.e. common or infrequent. of biasAny factor, recognised or not, that distorts the findings of a study. For example, reporting bias is a type of bias that occurs when researchers, or others (e.g. drug companies) choose not report or publish the results of a study, or do not provide full information about a study. on all items assessed apart from blindingBlinding is the process of preventing those involved in a trial from knowing to which comparison group a particular participant belongs., where they were at high riskA way of expressing the chance of an event taking place, expressed as the number of events divided by the total number of observations or people. It can be stated as ‘the chance of falling were one in four’ (1/4 = 25%). This measure is good no matter the incidence of events i.e. common or infrequent. of biasAny factor, recognised or not, that distorts the findings of a study. For example, reporting bias is a type of bias that occurs when researchers, or others (e.g. drug companies) choose not report or publish the results of a study, or do not provide full information about a study.. Falls were not defined in three studies and definitions varied in the other studies.
There were very few trialsClinical trials are research studies involving people who use healthcare services. They often compare a new or different treatment with the best treatment currently available. This is to test whether the new or different treatment is safe, effective and any better than what is currently used. No matter how promising a new treatment may appear during tests in a laboratory, it must go through clinical trials before its benefits and risks can really be known. to include with a small number of people, in contrast to the 159 trialsClinical trials are research studies involving people who use healthcare services. They often compare a new or different treatment with the best treatment currently available. This is to test whether the new or different treatment is safe, effective and any better than what is currently used. No matter how promising a new treatment may appear during tests in a laboratory, it must go through clinical trials before its benefits and risks can really be known. and over 79,000 people in the review of falls prevention for older people living in the community. Sample sizes were small and may have lacked power to detect differences. Some of the included trialsClinical trials are research studies involving people who use healthcare services. They often compare a new or different treatment with the best treatment currently available. This is to test whether the new or different treatment is safe, effective and any better than what is currently used. No matter how promising a new treatment may appear during tests in a laboratory, it must go through clinical trials before its benefits and risks can really be known. had missing information.
What does this mean in practice?
Regrettably, the evidence on falls prevention after stroke is insufficient to guide those working in this area. There is much to be done in terms of future research. The reviewers note that even the positive findings for vitamin D and alendronate need to be replicated before this influences clinical practice. Exercise programmes, especially with balance and strength training elements, have been shown to reduce falls in the general populationThe group of people being studied. Populations may be defined by any characteristics e.g. where they live, age group, certain diseases. of older people and more research is needed on its potential benefits for people after stroke. Only one studyAn investigation of a healthcare problem. There are different types of studies used to answer research questions, for example randomised controlled trials or observational studies. included people in the acute and subacute phase yet around 7% of people fall in the first week after stroke.
Meanwhile, a brand new NICE guideline on Stroke has been published this month, with evidence from five Cochrane reviews and a Falls guideline has also been issued to replace an earlier one, still with five Cochrane reviewsCochrane Reviews are systematic reviews. In systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. included and the addition of new dataData is the information collected through research. for falls in hospital patients.
For more information about Falls Awareness Week and a selection of fact sheets about falls, here’s the link to the Age UK website.
Links:
Verheyden GSAF, Weerdesteyn V, Pickering RM, Kunkel D, Lennon S, Geurts ACH, Ashburn A. Interventions for preventing falls in people after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsIn systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. 2013, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD008728. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008728.pub2.
Cochrane summary http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD008728/interventions-for-preventing-falls-in-people-after-stroke
Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Sherrington C, Gates S, Clemson LM, Lamb SE. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsIn systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. 2012, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD007146. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3.
Cochrane summary and podcast http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD007146/interventions-for-preventing-falls-in-older-people-living-in-the-community
Evidently Cochrane blog Keeping the over-65s on their feet: new review evidence tells us how. October 15th 2012.
Cameron ID, Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Murray GR, Hill KD, Cumming RG, Kerse N. Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsIn systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. 2012, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD005465. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005465.pub3
Cochrane summary and podcast http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD005465/interventions-for-preventing-falls-in-older-people-in-care-facilities-and-hospitals
Gillespie LD. Preventing falls in older people: the story of a Cochrane Review [editorial]. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsIn systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. 2013 28 Feb;2:ED000053. DOI:10.1002/14651858.ED000053.
National Clinical GuidelineA systematically developed statement for practitioners and participants about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. Centre; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (commissioner). Stroke rehabilitation: long term rehabilitation after stroke. London: National Clinical GuidelineA systematically developed statement for practitioners and participants about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. Centre, Royal College of Physicians; 2013 (NICE CG162). [Issued June 2013]. Available from URL: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG162/Guidance/pdf/English
Centre for Clinical Practice, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Falls: assessment and prevention of falls in older people. Manchester: Centre for Clinical Practice, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2013 (NICE CG161). [Issued June 2013]. Available from URL: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG161/NICEGuidance/pdf/English