In this blog for health professionals caring for neonates with jaundice, Katie Westwood, Paediatric Registrar, looks at Cochrane evidenceCochrane Reviews are systematic reviews. In systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. on the prevention and treatmentSomething done with the aim of improving health or relieving suffering. For example, medicines, surgery, psychological and physical therapies, diet and exercise changes. of jaundice in neonates.
Take-home points
One of the first things parents usually ask me when their newborn is being treated for jaundice is “when can I go home?”. The thing most mothers wish for after delivering their new baby is a good shower and their own bed, and getting out of hospital as soon as possible was certainly a priority for me after having mine! Both of my children were jaundiced in the first week of life but thankfully did not need any treatment. The prevention of jaundice, and effectively treating it when it occurs, not only reduces the riskA way of expressing the chance of an event taking place, expressed as the number of events divided by the total number of observations or people. It can be stated as ‘the chance of falling were one in four’ (1/4 = 25%). This measure is good no matter the incidence of events i.e. common or infrequent. of kernicterus, but may allow a baby to be discharged more quickly, with a lower risk of readmission, to enjoy time at home as a new family.
Neonatal jaundice – a common problem
Jaundice is a common problem occurring in 25-50% of term newborns, and to a higher level in preterm infants (Kumar, 2011). In most cases it is benign and transient, but can cause kernicterus and irreversible brain damage if severe. Jaundice is a normal physiological process resulting from the lysis of red blood cells, reduced ability of the liver to metabolise bilirubin and increased enterohepatic circulation. There are many risk factors for pathological jaundice including blood group incompatibility, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, prematurity, instrumental delivery and non-optimal breastfeeding.
Phototherapy – some considerations
Phototherapy is the mainstay of treatment for jaundice to reduce the serum bilirubin and prevent bilirubin brain toxicityThe degree to which a medicine is poisonous. How much of a medicine can be taken before it has a toxic effect., with exchange blood transfusions used more rarely for very high or treatment-resistant levels. It follows that prevention and effective treatment aims to reduce the harmful effects of jaundice on newborn babies and the duration of hospital stay, beneficial to families and the NHS as a whole.
Although phototherapy does not appear to cause serious side effects, some recent animal and cell culture studies have raised concerns regarding its potential to damage DNA (Armanian, 2019). Other studies have found increased oxidative stress markers in infants undergoing phototherapy, increased risk of childhood cancer and phototherapy has been found to be a risk factorAn aspect of a person's condition, lifestyle or environment that affects the chance of them getting a disease. For example, cigarette smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer. for breastfeeding failure (Van Rostenberghe, 2020). It is important, therefore, to investigate ways to prevent and treat jaundice to reduce the need for, or duration of, phototherapy.
Prevention
Prebiotics
The theory underpinning the use of prebiotics to prevent jaundice is that prebiotics promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon and some have an additional laxative effect. This results in a change in consistency and frequency of defecation. When bilirubin is evacuated faster there is reduced enterohepatic circulation and less jaundice.
A Cochrane ReviewCochrane Reviews are systematic reviews. In systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. on prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (published August 2019), comparing prebiotics with enteral supplementation of milk with water/placebo or no supplementation, includes three small studies with a total of 154 preterm and term infants. The evidence is low-certainty and the review authors conclude that “current studies are unable to provide reliable evidence about the effectivenessThe ability of an intervention (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise) to produce a desired effect, such as reduce symptoms. of prebiotics on hyperbilirubinaemia”.
Treatment
Fluid Supplementation
Fluid supplementation is proposed to reduce bilirubin levels by directly diluting (IV fluids) or enhancing gut transit to reduce enterohepatic circulation (oral fluids).
A Cochrane Review on fluid supplementation for neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (published August 2017) includes seven studies with a total of 494 term newborn babies. Six of the studies compare IV fluid supplementation to no supplementation and one studyAn investigation of a healthcare problem. There are different types of studies used to answer research questions, for example randomised controlled trials or observational studies. compares IV to oral fluid supplementation.
Compared with no supplementation, IV fluids may reduce the serum bilirubin 4 hours after commencing treatment (low certainty evidence); beyond 8 hours however the bilirubin level is similar between groups. IV fluid supplementation may reduce the duration of phototherapy and requirement for exchange transfusion (low-certainty evidence). There is probably little or no difference in breastfeeding frequencies on days one and three (moderate-certainty evidence).
In infants supplemented with IV fluids compared to oral fluids, there is probably little or no difference in the bilirubin levels (moderate-certainty evidence). There were no adverse events in either group.
There is no evidence that IV fluid supplementation affects important clinical outcomesOutcomes are measures of health (for example quality of life, pain, blood sugar levels) that can be used to assess the effectiveness and safety of a treatment or other intervention (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise). In research, the outcomes considered most important are ‘primary outcomes’ and those considered less important are ‘secondary outcomes’. such as bilirubin encephalopathy, kernicterus, or cerebral palsy in healthy term infants, mainly because the risk of developing these was low in this populationThe group of people being studied. Populations may be defined by any characteristics e.g. where they live, age group, certain diseases.. IV fluid supplementation may result in differences in bilirubin level at certain time points but not others. The clinical significanceClinical significance is the practical importance of an effect (e.g. a reduction in symptoms); whether it has a real genuine, palpable, noticeable effect on daily life. It is not the same as statistical significance. For instance, showing that a drug lowered the heart rate by an average of 1 beat per minute would not be clinically significant, as it is unlikely to be a big enough effect to be important to patients and healthcare providers. of this is uncertain.
Use of reflective materials during phototherapy
Reflective materials such as white cloth, mirrors and aluminium foil reflect dispersed phototherapy light and are a potentially inexpensive and easy interventionA treatment, procedure or programme of health care that has the potential to change the course of events of a healthcare condition. Examples include a drug, surgery, exercise or counselling. .
A recent Cochrane Review (published July 2020) looks at the use of reflective materials during phototherapy to increase the light intensity on the infant’s body. It includes 12 studies of term babies. The review authors conclude that reflective materials probably reduce the bilirubin level more than phototherapy alone in the first 4-8 hours of treatment (moderate-certainty evidence), which is arguably the most critical time in the management of jaundice. They are uncertain whether there is a faster reduction in the bilirubin level over the first 24 hours of treatment and a shorter duration of phototherapy when reflective materials are used as the certainty of the evidenceThe certainty (or quality) of evidence is the extent to which we can be confident that what the research tells us about a particular treatment effect is likely to be accurate. Concerns about factors such as bias can reduce the certainty of the evidence. Evidence may be of high certainty; moderate certainty; low certainty or very-low certainty. Cochrane has adopted the GRADE approach (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) for assessing certainty (or quality) of evidence. Find out more here: https://training.cochrane.org/grade-approach is very low. The duration of hospital stay is probably reduced by using reflective materials with phototherapy (moderate-certainly evidence). One study in this review reports that standard phototherapy with reflective materials performs similarly to double phototherapy. There was concern that curtains could obscure the view of the infant and affect nursing observation and mother-infant bonding but the studies did not report any increase in adverse events. None of the studies reported on healthcare personnel or parental satisfaction with curtain use, or their impact on breastfeeding rates.
LED Phototherapy
Using conventional phototherapy for intensive treatment may be difficult due to the inability to place the lamps close to the skin of the infant and the emission of unstable broad wavelength light may cause side effects like glare, giddiness and headache in health care personnel. LEDs are proposed to be superior to conventional phototherapy due to their efficiency, low heat production and ability to be placed close to the infant without apparent adverse effects and are widely used in UK practice. It is proposed that the high intensity, narrow wavelength band and higher irradiance delivered by LED phototherapy may reduce bilirubin levels more quickly, reducing the need for exchange transfusions and a shortening the duration of phototherapy treatment.
A Cochrane Review on Light‐emitting diode phototherapy for unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (published December 2011) compared the efficacyThe extent to which an intervention (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise), produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. of LED phototherapy to conventional phototherapy (fluorescent tubes, halogens and fibre optic blankets). It includes six trialsClinical trials are research studies involving people who use healthcare services. They often compare a new or different treatment with the best treatment currently available. This is to test whether the new or different treatment is safe, effective and any better than what is currently used. No matter how promising a new treatment may appear during tests in a laboratory, it must go through clinical trials before its benefits and risks can really be known. with 640 preterm and term infants. There is high-certainty evidence that there is little or no difference between LED over conventional phototherapy in terms of duration of phototherapy and rateThe speed or frequency of occurrence of an event, usually expressed with respect to time. For instance, a mortality rate might be the number of deaths per year, per 100,000 people. of decline of bilirubin. Side effects such as hypothermia, hyperthermia and skin rash were rare and were similar between groups.
Where does this leave us?
Phototherapy continues to be central to the treatment of jaundice in newborn babies but there may be some additional benefit from adjuncts such as fluid supplementation and reflective materials. Although there is some evidence that these adjuncts reduce bilirubin levels at certain time points, there is not currently evidence that this translates into a reduction in clinically important outcomes such as kernicterus, although fluid supplementation might reduce the need for exchange transfusion. Duration of phototherapy might be reduced if fluid supplementation is used, which may be clinically relevant in light of concerns about the safetyRefers to serious adverse effects, such as those that threaten life, require or prolong hospitalization, result in permanent disability, or cause birth defects. of phototherapy. The duration of hospital stay is probably reduced by using reflective materials with standard phototherapy, which may have important cost implications and improve parental satisfaction. Most of the evidence available through these systematic reviewsIn systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. is of low or moderate certainty. In future, further research to ascertain benefit to a greater degree of certainty would be helpful to guide clinical management.
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Katie Westwood has nothing to disclose.
Thank you these informations. Do you know if any link have been made between mother antibiotherapy during labor and neonatal jaundice? regards Valérie Dupin