Psoriasis: can changing your lifestyle help?

In this blog for people with psoriasis Robert Walton, a Senior Fellow in General Practice, reviews new Cochrane evidenceCochrane Reviews are systematic reviews. In systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. on lifestyle changes that may bring significant improvements in the condition of their skin. 

About 2% of people have psoriasis and, whilst creams and medicines can help, the benefits that they offer are variableA factor that differs among and between groups of people. Examples include people’s age, sex, depression score or smoking habits.   and as yet there is no long-term cure.  New drug treatments are becoming available but side effects pose a potential problem and costs are substantial at £10,000 a year for some of the drugs.

Many studies over the years show associations between lifestyle factors and riskA way of expressing the chance of an event taking place, expressed as the number of events divided by the total number of observations or people. It can be stated as ‘the chance of falling were one in four’ (1/4 = 25%). This measure is good no matter the incidence of events i.e. common or infrequent. of developing psoriasis and also with severity of the disease.  Stress is perhaps the most obvious factor and this is easily recognised by people who have lived with psoriasis and see the skin condition ebb and flow with the vicissitudes of everyday life.  But other factors such as use of alcohol and tobacco are also linked to severity of disease, as is a sedentary lifestyle and being overweight.

However the key question is ‘Can we change the course of the illness by modifying lifestyle factors?’ This issue was top of the list of priorities for psoriasis management drawn up by an NIHR James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership. Until now the evidence has been patchy. However a new Cochrane ReviewCochrane Reviews are systematic reviews. In systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. brings all the relevant studies together and suggests that changing lifestyle may bring worthwhile benefits for people living with psoriasis.

Where does the evidence come from?

There were ten clinical trialsClinical trials are research studies involving people who use healthcare services. They often compare a new or different treatment with the best treatment currently available. This is to test whether the new or different treatment is safe, effective and any better than what is currently used. No matter how promising a new treatment may appear during tests in a laboratory, it must go through clinical trials before its benefits and risks can really be known. in total with 1163 participants assessing the effects of diet and exercise on severity of psoriasis.  The results come from trials where people taking part were overweight and show the effects of lifestyle interventions against usual care.  Interestingly no trials looked at whether consumption of tobacco and alcohol affected the condition.

How does it work?

Hormones released from fat in the body called adipokines increase levels of inflammation generally which is thought to make psoriasis worse. In addition, people who take medicines either orally or by injection for psoriasis need increased doses if they are overweight because of the increased body size.  While the manufacturers of these drugs sometimes suggest higher doses based on weight, this is not the case with all medicines. Even for those where an increase in dose is advised, this may not be sufficient to compensate for the inevitable dilution of the effect.

How to make a difference 

Change your diet

 There were two trials that measured the severity of psoriasis using a standard scoring system. Analysis of these trials together suggests that a diet aimed at weight reduction may result in a worthwhile reduction in the severity of psoriasis, which the authors defined as a 75% improvement in the psoriasis score.  Although there were relatively few participants in these trials – only 323 – and the quality of the evidenceThe certainty (or quality) of evidence is the extent to which we can be confident that what the research tells us about a particular treatment effect is likely to be accurate. Concerns about factors such as bias can reduce the certainty of the evidence. Evidence may be of high certainty; moderate certainty; low certainty or very-low certainty.  Cochrane has adopted the GRADE approach (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) for assessing certainty (or quality) of evidence. Find out more here: https://training.cochrane.org/grade-approach was judged to be low, this nevertheless seems a very worthwhile improvement.  One studyAn investigation of a healthcare problem. There are different types of studies used to answer research questions, for example randomised controlled trials or observational studies. also measured the quality of life and although the study was again quite small with only 36 people involved, the results probably show a reasonable improvement in psoriasis and the quality of the evidence behind the finding was thought to be moderate.  Whilst all the trials used slightly different diets, it seems as though a simple low calorie diet may be all that is needed to reap the health benefits.

How about combining diet with exercise?

 Only one trial in the review measured the effects of a combined programme of diet and exercise and it is difficult to draw firm conclusions.  Nevertheless the study probably shows a similar effect on improving psoriasis to those on diet alone.  But those not given to early morning jogging take heart!  There is no evidence – at the moment anyway – that the combination of diet and exercise is more effective than diet alone.

Health benefits from a non-drug approach to psoriasis management

The evidence is stacking up that changing your diet to achieve weight reduction is an effective way to reduce the severity of psoriasis.  Psoriasis is linked to increased risk of a range of other illnesses – particularly increased risk of heart attack and stroke.  So a benefit of weight reduction over any of the drug treatments is that not only is the skin disease better controlled but the risk of other illnesses is reduced.

For such a common and disabling illness it is surprising that we still don’t know whether reducing risk factors known to be associated with psoriasis is a useful way of reducing the severity of the illness. Tackling smoking and excessive alcohol consumption could be an important part of psoriasis management, but at the moment we just don’t have any evidence that this will improve the skin condition although there are likely to be benefits in reduced risk of associated illnesses.

Take-home points

• Changing to a low calorie diet and losing weight may improve psoriasis.

• Weight loss reduces levels of inflammation in the body and can help psoriasis drugs to work better.

• Although smoking and drinking alcohol are associated with severity of psoriasis, there is currently no evidence that cutting these out will improve the condition.

Join in the conversation on Twitter with @rtwalton123 @CochraneUK @CebdNottm or leave a comment on the blog.

Links:

National Institute for Health Research, James Lind Alliance, Priority Setting Partnerships. “Psoriasis Top 10 Priorities”. James Lind Alliance PSPs, November 2018. Web. 16 September 2019.

Ko  SH, Chi  CC, Yeh  ML, Wang  SH, Tsai  YS, Hsu  MY. Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsIn systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. 2019, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD011972. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011972.pub2.

Declaration of interest: Dr. Walton reports grants from NIHR Health Technology Assessment, grants from NIHR Programme Grants for Applied Research, other from TTS Pharma,  outside the submitted work;  In addition, Dr. Walton has a patent WALTON R, MCKINNEY E, MARSHALL S, MURPHY M, WELSH K, others. GENETIC INDICATORS OF TOBACCO CONSUMPTION. Patent number: 2001038567. Filed date: 24 Nov 2000. Publication date: 01 Jun 2001  with royalties paid to gNostics.