Go
Evidence for Maternity Care Baby feeds on mother's breasts milk

Breastfeeding: a round up of Cochrane evidence

By // 1 comment Comment(s)

On this page, you can find lots of resources which summarise Cochrane evidence on breastfeeding and aim to make it easy to access. The content is based on this Cochrane Special Collection of systematic reviews on breastfeeding, as well as later Cochrane Reviews. You can either scroll through this page, or click on the topics below to jump straight to a particular section. This page is part of a series of blogs called ‘Maternity Matters’.

Page last updated: 28 October 2022

__________________________________________________________________

Support for breastfeeding women

“Providing women with extra organised support helps them breastfeed their babies for longer. Breastfeeding support may be more helpful if it has 4‐8 scheduled visits. There does not appear to be a difference in who provides the support (professional or non‐professional) or how it is provided (face‐to‐face, phone, digital technologies or combinations).”

 

Read the full Cochrane Review: ‘Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies’

 

_______________________________________________

Read the full Cochrane Review: Breastfeeding education and support for women with twins or higher order multiples

_______________________________________________

[sta_anchor id=”health-promotion” unsan=”health promotion”].[/sta_anchor]

Health promotion and an enabling environment

Health promotion and enabling environment
Compared with standard care, antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education makes little or no difference to the initiation of breastfeeding (high-certainty evidence) and probably makes little or no difference to the proportion of women exclusively breastfeeding at three or six months (moderate-certainty evidence). It makes little or no difference to the proportion of women giving any breastfeeding at six months (high-certainty evidence) and this may be the same at three months (low-certainty evidence). Antenatal BF education probably makes little or no difference to breastfeeding complications (moderate-certainty evidence). Cochrane Review (published December 2016). 24 studies; with data from 20 studies with 9,789 women. Studies compared antenatal breastfeeding education with standard (routine) care.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration

Read the Cochrane Clinical Answer: “For pregnant women, how effective is antenatal breastfeeding education in increasing initiation and duration of breastfeeding?”

_______________________________________________

Breastfeeding education and support, either led by a healthcare professional or a non-healthcare professional, may improve the rate of women starting to breastfeed (low-certainty evidence). Effects on the rate of women starting to breastfeed early (within one hour after birth) are uncertain (very low-certainty evidence or no data available). Not enough information is available about the possible harms of interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding. Cochrane Review (published November 2016); 28 studies, with data from 23 studies with 104,238 women. Studies compared breastfeeding education and support either led by a healthcare professional or a non-healthcare professional with ‘standard care’, which differed between settings.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding

_______________________________________________

Read the full Cochrane Review: Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment 

_______________________________________________

Care for breastfeeding women and their babies

Care for breastfeeding women and their babies

Early skin-to-skin contact (SSC) probably increases the number of women breastfeeding at one to four months (moderate-certainty evidence) and probably increases the number exclusively breastfeeding up to six months (moderate-certainty evidence). After birth, babies held in SSC may be better stabilized and have higher blood glucose levels, but similar temperature to babies with standard care (low-certainty evidence). Not enough information is available about the possible harms of SSC. Cochrane Review (published November 2016); 46 studies, with data from 38 studies with 3472 mothers and their healthy babies after vaginal or caesarean birth, at 35 weeks to full term. Studies compared early SSC with standard care that did not involve SSC.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Early skin‐to‐skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants

Listen to the podcast with the lead author of the review.

_______________________________________________

Newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed may be more likely to be exclusively breastfeeding at hospital discharge when they have supplemental feeds by cup, rather than by bottle (low-certainty evidence). Whether newborns are cup- or bottle-fed may make little or no difference to weight gain (low-certainty evidence). Effects on length of hospital stay or breastfeeding rates at six months are uncertain (low and very low-certainty evidence). Not enough information is available about the possible harms of different forms of supplemental feeding. Cochrane Review (published August 2016); 5 studies with 971 newborn infants, most of them preterm. Studies compared supplemental feeding by cup with bottle feeding. Mothers’ or nurses’ dislike of cup feeding meant that many infants who should have received cup feeding were fed in other ways.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed

_______________________________________________

Whether infants’ use of a pacifier is restricted or unrestricted probably makes little or no difference to the proportion of infants exclusively breastfeeding at four months of age (moderate-certainty evidence). There is not enough information about the effects of pacifier use on duration of exclusive breastfeeding or on maternal satisfaction and confidence in parenting. Not enough information is available about possible harms of pacifier use, such as breastfeeding difficulties or effects on infants’ health. Cochrane Review (published August 2016). Three studies; with data from two studies with 1302 healthy full‐term infants whose mothers had started breastfeeding and intended to exclusively breastfeed. Studies compared restricted pacifier use with unrestricted use.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding

Read the Cochrane Clinical Answer: “Does not using a pacifier help to increase the duration of breastfeeding for term infants?”

_______________________________________________

Keeping mother and infant together in the same room after birth until discharge from hospital (known as ‘rooming-in’) may increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at four days after birth, but may make little or no difference to the proportion of infants breastfeeding at six months of age (low-certainty evidence). Not enough information is available on the effects of rooming-in on the duration of breastfeeding, frequency of breastfeeding or maternal level of confidence in breastfeeding. EVIDENCE GAP. Not enough information is available about possible harms of rooming-in compared with separate care. Cochrane Review (published August 2016); one study with 176 women, comparing the effects of keeping mother and infant together (rooming‐in) or separating them after birth (separate care).

Read the full Cochrane Review: Rooming‐in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding

_______________________________________________

Read the full Cochrane Review: Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants

Read the Evidently Cochrane blog: ‘Exclusive breastfeeding or extra food and fluids: evidence and practice’

Other relevant Cochrane Reviews:

_______________________________________________

[sta_anchor id=”problematic-breastfeeding”]Problematic breastfeeding[/sta_anchor]

Treatment of breastfeeding problems

In breastfeeding women with painful nipples, applying various treatments (including glycerine gel, breast shells with lanolin, expressed breast milk, lanolin or all-purpose nipple ointment) may make little or no important difference to nipple pain (low-certainty evidence). For most women, regardless of treatment used, pain may reduce to mild levels by about 7 to 10 days after giving birth (low certainty-evidence). There is not enough information available about the possible harms of interventions for painful nipples. Cochrane Review (published December 2014); four studies with 656 breastfeeding women with sore nipples. Studies compared applied lanolin (alone or with breast shells), glycerine pads, breast milk, all-purpose nipple ointment with each other, with routine care (education only) or with no treatment.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women

Read the Evidently Cochrane blog: Simple help for painful nipples in breastfeeding women

_______________________________________________

It is uncertain whether breastfeeding women who have developed a breast abscess are more likely to continue to breastfeed if treated with needle aspiration or with incision and drainage. It is also uncertain whether abscesses heal more quickly with one approach or the other (very low-certainty evidence). EVIDENCE GAP. Not enough information is available about the possible harms of needle aspiration compared with incision and drainage. Cochrane Review (published August 2015). Six studies; with data from four studies with 325 breastfeeding women with abscesses. Studies compared needle aspiration with incision and drainage.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Treatments for breast abscesses in breastfeeding women

_______________________________________________

Read the full Cochrane Review: Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women

_______________________________________________

]

[sta_anchor id=”feeding_practices”]Feeding practices for preterm babies, or babies with additional needs, and their mothers[/sta_anchor]

Feeding practices for preterm babies, or babies with additional needs

Compared with conventional neonatal care, kangaroo mother care (KMC) probably reduces infants’ risk of mortality, hypothermia and severe infection/sepsis at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks' postmenstrual age (moderate‐certainty evidence). KMC probably also increases weight gain (moderate-certainty evidence) and breastfeeding at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks' postmenstrual age (moderate‐certainty evidence) and at one to three months’ follow up (low‐certainty evidence). KMC compared with conventional neonatal care may make little or no difference to infants’ psychomotor development (low‐certainty evidence). Cochrane Review (published August 2016); 21 studies with 3042 infants with low birthweight comparing kangaroo mother care (defined as ‘skin‐to‐skin contact between mother and newborn, frequent and exclusive or nearly exclusive breastfeeding, and early discharge from hospital’) with conventional neonatal care.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants

_______________________________________________

Avoidance of bottles during the establishment of breast feeds in preterm infants. Preterm infants who are given supplementary feeds using a cup, rather than being bottle fed, are probably more likely to be either partially or exclusively breastfed at discharge (moderate-certainty evidence). They may also be more likely to be breastfed up to 6 months after discharge (low-certainty evidence). Avoiding bottles may have little or no impact on length of hospital stay or infant infection rates (low-certainty evidence). It is uncertain whether a tube-alone approach to supplementing breastfeeds improves breastfeeding outcomes. There may be little or no difference between bottle feeding and feeding with a novel teat (low-certainty evidence). Cochrane Review (published October 2021); seven studies with 1152 preterm infants in neonatal units. The studies compared supplementary bottle feeding versus either: cup feeds (five studies), tube feeds (one study), or feeds with a novel, specially-designed teat (one study).

Read the full Cochrane Review: Avoidance of bottles during the establishment of breast feeds in preterm infants

_______________________________________________

Compared with standard care, oral stimulation interventions for preterm infants may shorten the transition to oral feeding but may make little or no difference to weight gain (low-certainty evidence). Effects on length of hospital stay, time spent on parenteral nutrition or on breastfeeding are uncertain (very low-certainty evidence). Compared with non-oral interventions, oral stimulation may reduce the time to exclusive feed, time spent on parenteral nutrition and length of hospital stay (low-certainty evidence) but probably makes little or no difference to the rate of exclusive direct breastfeeding at discharge (moderate-certainty evidence). Not enough information is available about possible harms of oral stimulation compared to standard care or non-oral interventions. Cochrane Review (published September 2016); 19 studies with 823 preterm infants, comparing oral stimulation by finger stimulation with standard care or with non-oral stimulation interventions.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants

_______________________________________________

Feeding preterm infants in response to their hunger and satiation cues (responsive, cue‐based, or infant‐led feeding), rather than at scheduled intervals, may reduce the time taken for infants to transition from enteral tube to oral feeding but may result in slightly slower rates of weight gain (low certainty-evidence). There is not enough information available about the potential harms of responsive compared with scheduled feeding. Cochrane Review (published August 2016); 9 studies with 593 preterm infants comparing responsive feeding with scheduled feeding.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Responsive versus scheduled feeding for preterm infants

_______________________________________________

When a mother's own milk is not available, there is not enough information available about the effects of feeding very low birth weight infants with banked term milk (milk expressed from donors with term babies) compared with banked preterm milk (milk expressed from donors with preterm babies) on infants’ growth and developmental outcomes. EVIDENCE GAP. There is not enough information available about the possible harms of banked donor term milk compared with banked preterm milk. Cochrane Review (published June 2019); no eligible studies found comparing feeding on banked donor preterm milk with banked term milk in infants with very low birth weight.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Banked preterm versus banked term human milk to promote growth and development in very low birth weight infants

_______________________________________________

Exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants fed on dilute formula (half‐strength, double‐volume) may experience fewer episodes of feeding intolerance and achieve adequate energy intake earlier than infants fed full‐strength formula (low-certainty evidence). None of the studies reported on infants’ risk of mortality, infection or serious gastrointestinal problems. There is not enough information about possible adverse effects of dilute formula compared with full-strength formula. Cochrane Review (published June 2019); three studies comparing dilute formula milk (half‐strength, double‐volume) with full‐strength formula milk in exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).

Read the full Cochrane Review: Dilute versus full‐strength formula in exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants

_______________________________________________

When a mother's own breast milk is not available, feeding preterm or low birth weight infants with formula rather than donor breast milk probably increases rates of weight gain, linear growth and head growth (moderate-certainty evidence) but probably makes little or no difference to survival or longer‐term growth and development (moderate-certainty evidence). Infants fed with formula rather than donor breast milk probably have a higher risk of developing necrotising enterocolitis, a severe gut disorder (moderate-certainty evidence). Cochrane Review (published July 2019); 12 studies with 1871 preterm or low birth weight infants, comparing feeding on formula (term or preterm) with donor breast milk (unfortified or fortified).

Read the full Cochrane Review: Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants

_______________________________________________

Feeding preterm infants nutrient‐enriched formula, compared with standard formula, may increase rates of weight gain and head growth but not length gain (low-certainty evidence). Only limited data are available for growth and developmental outcomes beyond infancy, and these do not show consistent effects. Feeding preterm infants with nutrient-enriched compared with standard formula probably makes little or no difference to their risk of developing necrotising enterocolitis, a severe gut disorder (moderate-certainty evidence). Cochrane Review (published July 2019); 7 studies with 590 preterm infants comparing feeding with nutrient‐enriched formula (extra energy and protein) to standard formula.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Nutrient‐enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants

_______________________________________________

Feeding preterm infants with protein hydrolysate compared with standard (non‐hydrolysed) cow's milk formula may make little or no difference to their feed intolerance (low-certainty evidence). Feeding on protein hydrolysate rather than standard formula may make little or no difference to preterm infants’ risk of developing necrotising enterocolitis, a severe gut disorder (low-certainty evidence). Cochrane Review (published July 2019); 11 studies with 665 preterm infants in neonatal units, comparing feeding with hydrolysed to non‐hydrolysed formula.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Protein hydrolysate versus standard formula for preterm infants

_______________________________________________

For preterm infants who are exclusively breastfed, nutrients (multi-nutrient fortifiers) are often added to the breast milk to give more energy and protein to help growth. Whether these nutrients are made from human milk or from cow's milk may make little or no difference to infants’ growth. It may also make little or no difference to infants’ risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (a severe gut disorder), feeding problems, infections, or death (all low-certainty evidence). Cochrane Review (published November 2019); one study with 127 preterm infants fed exclusively with breast milk in Neonatal Intensive Care Units or healthcare settings. The study compared feeding infants with multi‐nutrient fortifier made from human milk with multi-nutrient fortifier made from cow’s milk. Read the full Cochrane Review: Human milk‐derived fortifier versus bovine milk‐derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates

_______________________________________________

Read the full Cochrane Review: Instruments for assessing readiness to commence suck feeds in preterm infants: effects on time to establish full oral feeding and duration of hospitalisation

_______________________________________________

Preterm infants who are fed fortified breast milk, compared with unfortified breast milk, probably grow in head size more quickly (moderate-certainty evidence) and may put on weight and grow in length slightly more quickly while they are in hospital (low-certainty evidence). However, there is probably little or no effect on neurodevelopment later in the baby’s life (moderate-certainty evidence). Whether preterm infants are fed with fortified or unfortified breast milk may make little or no difference to their risk of developing necrotising enterocolitis, a severe gut disorder (low-certainty evidence). Cochrane Review (published May 2020); 18 studies with 1456 preterm infants, comparing feeding preterm infants multi‐nutrient fortified human breast milk with unfortified human breast milk.

Read the full Cochrane Review: Multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants.

Read the Cochrane Clinical Answer: What are the effects of multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants?

Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants. For preterm infants, adding fortifier to human milk earlier, rather than later, may have little or no effect on growth outcomes including time to regain birth weight, linear growth, or head growth during the initial hospitalisation period. Early fortification may also have little or no effect on the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (a severe gut disorder), growth failure at discharge, the risk of interrupted feeds, or the time taken to reach full enteral feeds (all low-certainty evidence). There is not enough information about possible adverse effects of early versus late fortification. Cochrane Review (published July 2020); two studies with 237 preterm infants in neonatal units with very low birth weight (< 1500g). Studies compared early fortification (when the infant’s daily feed volume had reached 20 or 40 mL/kg body weight) with late fortification (when the infant’s daily feed volume had reached 100 mL/kg body weight).

Read the full Cochrane Review: Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants

See also:


selena ryan-vig

About Selena Ryan-Vig

view all posts

Selena Ryan-Vig is a Knowledge Broker at Cochrane UK. Her role involves sharing Cochrane evidence in accessible ways, managing Cochrane UK's website and social media accounts, and producing newsletters. With a colleague, Selena delivers interactive sessions to students from Years 10 to 13 to teach about evidence-based practice and to encourage critical thinking, particularly around healthcare claims made in the media. She also co-delivers talks for students to raise awareness of Cochrane and reliable, evidence-based resources. She has a psychology degree from the University of Bath. During her degree, she worked for a national charity which provides support for young women.

Breastfeeding: a round up of Cochrane evidence by Selena Ryan-Vig

is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International

1 Comments on this post

  1. […] rates are still low. The Cochrane Library, which carries out large reviews of the evidence, notes that antenatal classes teaching women about breastfeeding have no detectable effect on uptake, and […]

    Baby formula shortage: Breastfeeding is great for some mothers, but don’t overstate its health benefits – Uber Turco News / Reply

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

*