Vaginismus is common. In the UK, it affects 1 in 500 women. In this blog, Cochrane authorSomebody responsible for preparing and, in the case of Cochrane Reviews, keeping up-to-date a systematic review. The term ‘reviewer’ is also sometimes used to refer to an external peer reviewer, or referee. Tamara Melnik and psychotherapist Oswaldo M. Rodrigues Jnr look at the problems vaginismus can cause, at the poor evidence-base for treatments, and what needs to change. This blog is part of a special series ‘the Problem with Sex’.
Page last reviewed 6 March 2023
Valeria’s story
Valeria is 29 years old, single, and works in public relations. Valeria has never had penetrative sex, but now dates a man to whom she feels very sexually attracted, and fantasizes about sex with him. She lied to him about being sexually active before. Besides feeling sexual desire, she also feels physically aroused. She has some worries about starting a relationship: the possibility of being penetrated, her previous negative mental images about sex, and difficulties initiating intimate relations. The last time Valeria went on a date with this man they went to a Motel and he pressed her to have penetrative sex with him. The next day he was more caring, saying he only wants to be closer to her.
Valeria also experienced difficulties and pain in undergoing a gynaecological examination. She mentioned to her gynaecologist that her partner said to her that he was tired of being rejected all the time, saying “what’s wrong with me that keeps you from wanting to have a sexual relationship with me?”
Valeria has vaginismus.
So what is it, and what do we know about what might help?
What is vaginismus?
Vaginismus is an involuntary contraction of the vaginal muscles which makes sexual intercourse, and gynaecological examinations, difficult or impossible. The definition of vaginismus, a genito–pelvic pain/penetration disorder, has recently been expanded in the light of research and now incorporates pain, muscle tension and fear of penetration.
It is one of the more common female sexual problems. Vaginismus can be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary vaginismus occurs when the woman has never been able to have penetrative sex because of the involuntary contraction of her vaginal muscles. Secondary vaginismus occurs when a woman has previously been able to have penetrative sex, but is no longer able to.
What treatments are available?
Experts in human sexuality consider that the ideal treatmentSomething done with the aim of improving health or relieving suffering. For example, medicines, surgery, psychological and physical therapies, diet and exercise changes. for vaginismus must access the complex interplay between the biological, emotional, psychological and relational components of women’s and couples’ lives. Therapeutic approaches include psychosocial interventions, drug treatments (including anti-depressants, anxiolytics, local anaesthetics or botulinum toxin A) and combinations of these. The potential benefits and harms of these treatments should be considered, ideally through evidence from high quality randomizedRandomization is the process of randomly dividing into groups the people taking part in a trial. One group (the intervention group) will be given the intervention being tested (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise) and compared with a group which does not receive the intervention (the control group). controlled trialsA trial in which a group (the ‘intervention group’) is given a intervention being tested (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise) is compared with a group which does not receive the intervention (the ‘control group’). (RCTs).
Systematic desensitisation, together with the use of graded dilators, is a behaviour therapy technique often used for the treatment of vaginismus in which deep muscle relaxation and gradually inserting a dilator or finger into the vagina is used to reduce the anxiety and fear associated with penetration.
Anxiolytic medication, such as diazepam, in combination with psychological therapy has been the most commonly used drug treatment. Medication is most often used for women who have not been helped much by psychological therapies alone and have high anxiety levels. Local anaesthetics, such as lidocaine gel, have been proposed as a form of treatment but no RCTs exist. The use of antidepressants (tricyclics or venlafaxine) or anticonvulsants (usually carbamazepine or gabapentin) has been tried, but without much success.
Botulinum toxin, a temporary muscle paralytic, has been recommended in the treatment of vaginismus with the aim of decreasing the hypertonicity of the pelvic floor muscles, but this is an experimental treatment with no evidence from RCTs as yet.
It is agreed that treating vaginismus is difficult. The practical and emotional demands of using exercises and dilators should not be underestimated by professionals, which may result in inadequate provision of support and information in practice. Sex therapists may be an important source of support for women and their partners during treatment and can work with them to improve communication about sex, deepen intimacy between partners and increase sexual satisfaction for both.
The Cochrane ReviewCochrane Reviews are systematic reviews. In systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. Interventions for vaginismus (December 2012) brings together the best available primary research on treatments for vaginismus, in the hope of providing information for those making choices about treatment for vaginismus. First published in 2001, it has been regularly updated to take account of new research, but there is still very little available.
Evidence and evidence gaps
The Cochrane review included five studies with 282 participants. There were many problems with the research, such as the small number of trials, the differences between them, which meant that we couldn’t combine their results, and poor reporting. This means that we can’t be certain about the effects of interventions for vaginismus.
The main finding indicates that there may be no difference between systematic desensitisation and any of the control interventions, apart from there being more people dropping out of the trials from the groups on the waiting list. It’s important to mention that some new RCTs were published after the publication of the latest version of this review in 2012; these may be included in the next version of the review and may change its conclusions. An overview on diagnosing and managing vaginismus, published in 2009 (2) that included low-quality evidence (from uncontrolled trials) found that systematic desensitization involving insertion training may be effective.
Towards useful research to guide treatment choices
It is considered good practice for a multidisciplinary team, including a gynaecologist, physical therapist and psychologist/sex therapist, to be involved in the assessment and treatment of people with vaginismus, to address its different dimensions. At the moment, there is a lack of reliable evidence to help women and the professionals working with them make decisions about treatment.
Redefining treatment success
We need well-designed trials of psychological therapies and drug treatments, but we need more than that. If future research is to be useful, it not only needs to be designed, conducted and reported to the highest possible standards, but to redefine treatment success in much broader terms than penetration alone. The majority of trials have defined the main outcome as the ability to achieve vaginal penetration through sexual intercourse. While penetration may be a desirable outcome, if it is not accompanied by the couple’s satisfaction and pleasurable feelings, then treatment effectivenessThe ability of an intervention (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise) to produce a desired effect, such as reduce symptoms. is questionable. Besides that, further research is needed to ascertain whether similar treatment strategies are applicable to women from different socio-cultural groups.
Some new clinical trialsClinical trials are research studies involving people who use healthcare services. They often compare a new or different treatment with the best treatment currently available. This is to test whether the new or different treatment is safe, effective and any better than what is currently used. No matter how promising a new treatment may appear during tests in a laboratory, it must go through clinical trials before its benefits and risks can really be known. on vaginismus consider outcomesOutcomes are measures of health (for example quality of life, pain, blood sugar levels) that can be used to assess the effectiveness and safety of a treatment or other intervention (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise). In research, the outcomes considered most important are ‘primary outcomes’ and those considered less important are ‘secondary outcomes’. such as coital frequency, symptoms of vaginismus, and coital pain at short term (3 months) and long term (more than 12 months). The researchers investigated if the changes were mediated by the extent to which the women expected penetration to be painful (3). A recent clinical trial published in 2017 evaluated the efficacyThe extent to which an intervention (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise), produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. of an internet-based guided self-help interventionA treatment, procedure or programme of health care that has the potential to change the course of events of a healthcare condition. Examples include a drug, surgery, exercise or counselling. for vaginismus as a possible new treatment (4).
Finally, it is important that women with vaginismus are well informed about treatment choices. Embarrassment and shame may cause them to delay looking for professional help, yet early identification of the problem may reduce treatment time as well as the emotional and financial costs of treatment.
Find out more:
NHS information about vaginismus.
Tamara Melnik and Oswaldo M. Rodrigues Jnr have no conflict of interest to disclose.
This blog is one of a special series on #theproblemwithsex. Join in the conversation on Twitter with @CochraneUK or leave a comment on the blog. Please note, we cannot give specific medical advice and do not publish comments that link to individual pages requesting donations or to commercial sites, or appear to endorse commercial products. We welcome diverse views and encourage discussion but we ask that comments are respectful and reserve the right to not publish any we consider offensive. Cochrane UK does not fact check – or endorse – readers’ comments, including any treatments mentioned.
[…] most serious end of the scale” and that many more cases would have been dealt with by local GPs. Cochrane UK, a medical research charity based in London, estimates that vaginismus affects one in 500 […]
vaginusmus can be secondary to low estrogen so please before the psychology check whether there are hormonal issues. I had complete vaginusmus for three years and it spontaneously resolved during a period where I was really looking into my health – I removed my implanon implant ( heck I wasn;t having sex) , I started soy because I was having gall attacks and I had my gall bladder removed. The vaginusmus resolved within a week of the gall bladder surgery. My estrogen levels were increasing and I am not sure if it was because of the soy/ the surgery or removing the progesterone implant – I am trying to get researchers to look at instances of vaginusmus in implant use and estrogen levels and estrogen levels in mild and severe gall stones and incidence of comorbid vaginusmus and especially if estrogen improves post laproscopic cholecystectomy. Estrogen increases gall stones risk but what if at some point the body develops low estrogen as a stress dysfunction to prevent more stones forming. I have PTSD and the HPA dysfunction associated with too much colesterol is to severely suppress cortisol when it increases due to stress – I wonder if the body can do a similar thing to suppress estrogen when gall stones are too many
Typo cortisol not colesterol
Hey I read this article, it’s very informative. But I want your email address to discuss more about this problem in detail. Need your views and suggestions on it. I am from Pakistan and there is no awareness about it, even specialized gynecologist even don’t know what is Vaginismus.
Please reply me on azam.peerzadah@gmail.com
I’m afraid we aren’t able to offer advice. I hope you can find someone to help you.
Sarah Chapman (Editor).
Vaginismus patients might want to try Orgasmic Meditation as an alternative to intercourse and a way to build connection, intimacy, and trust with their partners.
I would say that most ( not every relationship / circumstance is the same ) of the relationships are already already on a very trusting, considerate, and intimate level and organism is not an issue though other various ways of sexual contact.